Eloquent javascript 3rd edition pdf free download

Hands-On Data Visualization takes you step-by-step through tutorials, real-world examples, and online resources. This practical guide is ideal for students, nonprofit organizations, small business owners, local governments, journalists, academics, and anyone who wants to take data out of spreadsheets and turn it into lively interactive stories. No coding experience is required. Build interactive charts and maps and embed them in your website Understand the principles for designing effective charts and maps Learn key data visualization concepts to help you choose the right tools Convert and transform tabular and spatial data to tell your data story Edit and host Chart.

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Prototype fast and ship code that matters! Reversing an array Arrays have a reverse method that changes the array by inverting the order in which its elements appear. For this exercise, write two functions, reverseArray and reverseArrayInPlace.

The first, reverseArray, takes an array as argument and produces a new array that has the same elements in the inverse order. The second, reverseArrayInPlace, does what the reverse method does: it modifies the array given as argument by reversing its elements. Neither may use the standard reverse method. Thinking back to the notes about side effects and pure functions in the previous chapter, which variant do you expect to be useful in more situations?

Which one runs faster? A common data structure is the list not to be confused with array. A list is a nested set of objects, with the first object holding a reference to the second, the second to the third, and so on. The original list is also still a valid three-element list. Write a function arrayToList that builds up a list structure like the one shown when given [1, 2, 3] as argument. Also write a listToArray function that produces an array from a list.

Then add a helper function prepend, which takes an element and a list and creates a new list that adds the element to the front of the input list, and nth, which takes a list and a number and returns the element at the given position in the list with zero referring to the first element or undefined when there is no such element.

If it produces "object" for both values, you should do a deep comparison. But you have to take one silly exception into account: because of a historical accident, typeof null also produces "object". The Object.

Size almost always involves complexity, and complexity confuses programmers. Confused programmers, in turn, introduce mistakes bugs into programs.

A large program then provides a lot of space for these bugs to hide, making them hard to find. The first is self-contained and six lines long.

If we count the size of the definitions of sum and range, the second program is also big—even bigger than the first. It is more likely to be correct because the solution is expressed in a vocabulary that corresponds to the problem being solved. It is about ranges and sums. The definitions of this vocabulary the functions sum and range will still involve loops, counters, and other incidental details.

But because they are expressing simpler concepts than the program as a whole, they are easier to get right. Abstractions hide details and give us the ability to talk about problems at a higher or more abstract level. As an analogy, compare these two recipes for pea soup. The first one goes like this: Put 1 cup of dried peas per person into a container. Add water until the peas are well covered. Leave the peas in water for at least 12 hours.

Take the peas out of the water and put them in a cooking pan. Add 4 cups of water per person. Cover the pan and keep the peas simmering for two hours. Take half an onion per person. Cut it into pieces with a knife. Add it to the peas. Take a stalk of celery per person.

Take a carrot per person. Cut it into pieces. With a knife! Cook for 10 more minutes. And this is the second recipe: Per person: 1 cup dried split peas, half a chopped onion, a stalk of celery, and a carrot. Soak peas for 12 hours. Simmer for 2 hours in 4 cups of water per person.

Chop and add vegetables. The second is shorter and easier to interpret. But you do need to understand a few more cooking-related words such as soak, simmer, chop, and, I guess, vegetable. Thus, we might fall into the pattern of the first recipe— work out the precise steps the computer has to perform, one by one, blind to the higher-level concepts that they express.

It is a useful skill, in programming, to notice when you are working at too low a level of abstraction. But sometimes they fall short. It is common for a program to do something a given number of times. Often, it is easier to create a function value on the spot instead.

However, the body is now written as a function value, which is wrapped in the parentheses of the call to repeat. This is why it has to be closed with the closing brace and closing parenthesis.

Higher-order functions Functions that operate on other functions, either by taking them as arguments or by returning them, are called higher-order functions. Since we have already seen that functions are regular values, there is nothing particularly remarkable about the fact that such functions exist.

The term comes from mathemat- ics, where the distinction between functions and other values is taken more seriously. Higher-order functions allow us to abstract over actions, not just values. They come in several forms. For example, we can have functions that create new functions. This chapter will use a data set about scripts—writing systems such as Latin, Cyrillic, or Arabic. Remember Unicode from Chapter 1, the system that assigns a number to each character in written language? Most of these characters are associated with a specific script.

The standard contains different scripts—81 are still in use today, and 59 are historic. The binding contains an array of objects, each of which describes a script. The direction may be "ltr" for left to right, "rtl" for right to left the way Arabic and Hebrew text are written , or "ttb" for top to bottom as with Mongolian writing.

The ranges property contains an array of Unicode character ranges, each of which is a two-element array containing a lower bound and an upper bound. Any character codes within these ranges are assigned to the script.

Filtering arrays To find the scripts in the data set that are still in use, the following function might be helpful. Note how the filter function, rather than deleting elements from the ex- isting array, builds up a new array with only the elements that pass the test. This function is pure. It does not modify the array it is given. Like forEach, filter is a standard array method. But we want an array of names, which is easier to inspect.

The map method transforms an array by applying a function to all of its elements and building a new array from the returned values. The new array will have the same length as the input array, but its content will have been mapped to a new form by the function.

Summarizing with reduce Another common thing to do with arrays is to compute a single value from them. Our recurring example, summing a collection of numbers, is an instance of this. Another example is finding the script with the most characters.

The higher-order operation that represents this pattern is called reduce some- times also called fold. It builds a value by repeatedly taking a single element from the array and combining it with the current value.

The parameters to reduce are, apart from the array, a combining function and a start value. If your array contains at least one element, you are allowed to leave off the start argument. The method will take the first element of the array as its start value and start reducing at the second element. Note the use of destructuring in the parameter list of the reducer function.

The second call to reduce then uses this to find the largest script by repeatedly comparing two scripts and returning the larger one. Han is a script sometimes used for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean text. Those languages share a lot of characters, though they tend to write them differently. The U. This is called Han unification and still makes some people very angry. Composability Consider how we would have written the previous example finding the biggest script without higher-order functions.

The code is not that much worse. But it is still very readable. Higher-order functions start to shine when you need to compose operations. You can see it as a pipeline: we start with all scripts, filter out the living or dead ones, take the years from those, average them, and round the result. You could definitely also write this computation as one big loop.

In terms of what the computer is actually doing, these two approaches are also quite different. The first will build up new arrays when running filter and map, whereas the second computes only some numbers, doing less work. Strings and character codes One use of the data set would be figuring out what script a piece of text is using.

Remember that each script has an array of character code ranges associated with it. It takes a test function and tells you whether that function returns true for any of the elements in the array. But how do we get the character codes in a string? In Chapter 1 I mentioned that JavaScript strings are encoded as a sequence of bit numbers.

These are called code units. A Unicode character code was initially supposed to fit within such a unit which gives you a little over 65, characters. It describes most common characters using a single bit code unit but uses a pair of two such units for others. UTF is generally considered a bad idea today.

It seems almost inten- tionally designed to invite mistakes. But as soon as some- one tries to use such a program with some less common Chinese characters, it breaks. Fortunately, with the advent of emoji, everybody has started us- ing two-unit characters, and the burden of dealing with such problems is more fairly distributed.

Unfortunately, obvious operations on JavaScript strings, such as getting their length through the length property and accessing their content using square brackets, deal only with code units. The codePointAt method, added later, does give a full Unicode character. So we could use that to get characters from a string. But the argument passed to codePointAt is still an index into the sequence of code units.

Like codePointAt, this type of loop was introduced at a time where people were acutely aware of the problems with UTF When you use it to loop over a string, it gives you real characters, not code units.

Recognizing text We have a characterScript function and a way to correctly loop over charac- ters. The next step is to count the characters that belong to each script. It returns an array of objects, each of which names a group and tells you the number of elements that were found in that group.

It uses another array method—findIndex. This method is somewhat like indexOf, but instead of looking for a specific value, it finds the first value for which the given function returns true. Like indexOf, it returns -1 when no such element is found. Using countBy, we can write the function that tells us which scripts are used in a piece of text. To be able to compute percentages, we first need the total number of char- acters that belong to a script, which we can compute with reduce.

If no such characters are found, the function returns a specific string. Otherwise, it trans- forms the counting entries into readable strings with map and then combines them with join.

The code that calls these functions can fill in the gaps by providing function values. Arrays provide a number of useful higher-order methods. You can use forEach to loop over the elements in an array. The filter method returns a new array containing only the elements that pass the predicate function.

Transforming an array by putting each element through a function is done with map. You can use reduce to combine all the elements in an array into a single value. The some method tests whether any element matches a given predicate function.

And findIndex finds the position of the first element that matches a predicate. Your own loop Write a higher-order function loop that provides something like a for loop statement. It takes a value, a test function, an update function, and a body function. Each iteration, it first runs the test function on the current loop value and stops if that returns false. Then it calls the body function, giving it the current value.

Finally, it calls the update function to create a new value and starts from the beginning. When defining the function, you can use a regular loop to do the actual looping. Everything Analogous to the some method, arrays also have an every method. This one returns true when the given function returns true for every element in the array.

Write two versions, one using a loop and one using the some method. Dominant writing direction Write a function that computes the dominant writing direction in a string of text. Remember that each script object has a direction property that can be "ltr" left to right , "rtl" right to left , or "ttb" top to bottom.

The dominant direction is the direction of a majority of the characters that have a script associated with them. The characterScript and countBy func- tions defined earlier in the chapter are probably useful here.

In programming culture, we have a thing called object-oriented programming, a set of techniques that use objects and related concepts as the central principle of program organization.

Though no one really agrees on its precise definition, object-oriented pro- gramming has shaped the design of many programming languages, including JavaScript. This chapter will describe the way these ideas can be applied in JavaScript. Encapsulation The core idea in object-oriented programming is to divide programs into smaller pieces and make each piece responsible for managing its own state. This way, some knowledge about the way a piece of the program works can be kept local to that piece.

Someone working on the rest of the program does not have to remember or even be aware of that knowledge. Whenever these local details change, only the code directly around it needs to be updated.

Different pieces of such a program interact with each other through inter- faces, limited sets of functions or bindings that provide useful functionality at a more abstract level, hiding their precise implementation. Such program pieces are modeled using objects. Their interface consists of a specific set of methods and properties.

Properties that are part of the interface are called public. The others, which outside code should not be touching, are called private. Many languages provide a way to distinguish public and private properties and prevent outside code from accessing the private ones altogether. JavaScript, once again taking the minimalist approach, does not—not yet at least. There is work underway to add this to the language. Typically, the available interface is described in documentation or comments.

Separating interface from implementation is a great idea. It is usually called encapsulation. Methods Methods are nothing more than properties that hold function values.

When a function is called as a method—looked up as a property and immedi- ately called, as in object. Arrow functions are different—they do not bind their own this but can see the this binding of the scope around them.

Prototypes Watch closely. Well, not really. I have simply been withholding information about the way JavaScript objects work.

In addition to their set of properties, most objects also have a prototype. A prototype is another object that is used as a fallback source of properties. So who is the prototype of that empty object? It is the great ancestral prototype, the entity behind almost all objects, Object. The prototype relations of JavaScript objects form a tree-shaped structure, and at the root of this structure sits Object. It provides a few methods that show up in all objects, such as toString, which converts an object to a string representation.

Functions derive from Function. You can use Object. It creates a property called speak and gives it a function as its value. A class defines the shape of a type of object—what methods and properties it has. Such an object is called an instance of the class.

Prototypes are useful for defining properties for which all instances of a class share the same value, such as methods. So to create an instance of a given class, you have to make an object that derives from the proper prototype, but you also have to make sure it, itself, has the properties that instances of this class are supposed to have.

This is what a constructor function does. If you put the keyword new in front of a function call, the function is treated as a constructor. This means that an object with the right prototype is automat- ically created, bound to this in the function, and returned at the end of the function. The prototype object used when constructing objects is found by taking the prototype property of the constructor function. You can overwrite it with a new object if you want.

Or you can add properties to the existing object, as the example does. By convention, the names of constructors are capitalized so that they can easily be distinguished from other functions. It is important to understand the distinction between the way a prototype is associated with a constructor through its prototype property and the way objects have a prototype which can be found with Object.

The actual prototype of a constructor is Function. Its prototype property holds the prototype used for instances created through it. That is how they work, and until , that was how you had to write them. These days, we have a less awkward notation. It provides the actual constructor function, which will be bound to the name Rabbit. Thus, the earlier class declaration is equivalent to the constructor definition from the previous section.

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PS: Share the link with your friends. If the Download link is not working, kindly drop a comment below, so we'll update the download link for you. Happy downloading! Type Here to Get Search Results! Tags Programing.